Arguments from fiction. Arguments from fiction Text from the Unified State Exam

The problem of education in literature has often been touched upon by various writers, because this problem is one of the most important. It is upbringing and education that can be called the real foundation in the life and destiny of every person, therefore proper upbringing and the atmosphere in which a person will grow up are very important. Only a favorable family atmosphere will allow you to correctly set goals, highlight priorities and build your happiness.

Both without upbringing and without education, a person will not be able to achieve his goals and will not be able to self-realize. For these reasons, the problem of upbringing and education is relevant at all times. And in order to convey its importance, writers use examples of the heroes of their works to show what this can lead to. Let's talk about the problem of education, citing arguments from the literature for the Unified State Exam.

In which works the problem of upbringing and education is posed?

If we talk about the role of childhood in the development of personality, then a good example would be the work of Oblomov. Here we see how destructive excessive love for a child can be when the mother begins to protect him, cherishing him like a flower. Ilya Oblomov was forbidden to even dress himself; servants did everything for him. As a result, when he grew up, he was unable to build a happy life. Because he still continued to lie on the couch and wait for someone to do everything for him.

It is very important that there is a good relationship between children and parents in the family. Children should not have fear of their parents, and the relationship between them should be based on trust. Parents should hear their children, just as children should hear their parents. Otherwise, it will turn out like in Ostrovsky’s work, where the mother subjugated everyone to her will. As a result, the daughter constantly lies, and Tikhon hates his parents' home. There is no respect and understanding between mother and children. But it shouldn’t be this way, and Ostrovsky shows what such relationships lead to.

The family is the place where the upbringing and education of children begins. And for everything to be successful, children must grow up in strong families where love and friendship reign. Otherwise, everything could end very badly, as in Francois Mauriac’s work The Monkey. There the child commits suicide, considering himself unnecessary, unable to withstand the eternal atmosphere of cruelty and scandals around him.

Fonvizin in his work showed the mistakes of parents, who themselves raise their children to be spoiled, ignorant and very stupid. But the realization of one’s wrong actions and wrong upbringing often comes belatedly. As in the case of Mrs. Prostakova, when her own son ultimately abandons her. But in Pushkin’s work

The problem of education and good manners is relevant at all times of a person’s life, regardless of the development of human society. Good manners is an important prerequisite for mutual understanding between people and the key to equal communication between people. Modern writer A. Dorokhov reflects on what a well-mannered person should be and what rules he should be guided by.

The hero of the story considered himself educated up to a certain time (sentences 1-6). But having accidentally witnessed a conversation between the headman and the cook, he learns not very pleasant details about himself. Overheard conversation completely changes conviction young man in his upbringing. This conversation served as an impetus for thinking about what qualities a well-mannered person has. Boy “on reflection, I realized that the cook was absolutely right in her own way”. It is not enough, for example, to say hello first; it is important to earn the respect of others. Generally accepted rules of behavior must be followed, that’s why they exist. But they can manifest themselves in different ways: depending on the conditions in which a person finds himself.

The author’s position in the proposed text is clearly formulated: “ Respect others, take them into account. Strictly follow the rules of behavior, you will be a good friend to everyone who communicates with you" One cannot but agree with the last lines of the story. If a person follows the rules and norms of behavior and shows respect for others, then the attitude towards him will be the same. Different social strata have different norms of behavior. But no matter what environment you find yourself in, it is important to follow the rules that apply in this society. By respecting others, you gain respect for yourself and become a truly educated person.

There are many examples of well-mannered people. Even in the works of great masters of words, this quality is inherent in many heroes. For example, in the novel “War and Peace” Tolstoy endows his Bolkonsky with nobility and honesty. He respects the people around him and does not allow anything bad towards them. He listens to his father’s opinion and tries to act to please him even when he doesn’t want to.

The problem of education is also raised by Turgenev in the novel “Fathers and Sons.” His Bazarov, preaching nihilism, denies the usual norms of behavior among the “fathers”, and therefore there is no mutual understanding with the older generation.

There are also many examples of real good manners in life. There is a well-known case with the artist Vasily Kachalov. Returning from a rehearsal, he saw two women trying to board a tram, but since both were blind, nothing came of it. The actor changed the route he was taking and helped blind people.

“Education is a great thing: it decides a person’s fate”- this quote belongs to Belinsky. And you can’t argue with the great Russian critic. Indeed, education plays an important role in life, and our lives largely depend on it. It is no coincidence that Dorokhov dedicated his work to the problem of education. As long as at least one person lives, education will exist.

A person who has received a good upbringing and has learned to treat people with respect is a mature person who follows the norms of generally accepted behavior. To become educated, you need to grow and improve every day. Our daily affairs and actions are nothing more than the result of upbringing. The concept of a “well-mannered person” is, of course, relative, since everyone has their own idea of the level of good manners. But the main criterion remains respect for others and mutual politeness.

The material was prepared by Larisa Gennadievna Dovgomelya

Original text:

(1) In my youth, I considered myself a well-mannered person. (2) When meeting acquaintances, he knew how to say hello politely. (3) During the conversation, I listened carefully to my interlocutor, not allowing myself to interrupt his story, no matter how long it was. (4) In a dispute, even the most heated one, he never shouted, much less used rude words. (5) There was never a time when I accidentally pushed someone and didn’t apologize or go through the door first without giving way to my companion. (6) In a word, my upbringing seemed impeccable to me.

(7) But it only seemed. (8) And it turned out completely unexpectedly. (9) Once, during a student internship, I had to live for two weeks with a team of lumberjacks. (10) And then one evening I accidentally overheard a conversation that I will remember forever.

(11) Sitting down on the threshold of our spacious dugout, the artel leader quietly talked with the cook. (12) It was about me.

“(13) He’s a fine guy,” said the cook, “literate, but he’s too gray!” (14) There is no upbringing.

- (15) What? - the headman became interested.

- (16) Yes, he doesn’t do everything like a human being. (17) If he starts to wash himself, the whole floor will flood, then wipe up after him. (18) He sits down at the table - no, to slurp the liquid first, immediately, without a command, he begins to drag meat from the bottom. (19) Even though it’s not a difficult thing to do - bring a spoon to your mouth, you’re not accustomed to it. (20) He won’t put bread under a spoon, he’ll drip it on the table. (21) And where did he live until now?..

(22) I listened and felt myself blushing. (23) “Well, well! (24) So, that means I’m “gray”?

(25) At first, of course, I was offended. (26) But then, on reflection, I realized that the cook was completely right in her own way.

(27) True, in the morning I did not forget to say hello to her, I politely stood aside when she brought a boiling samovar or a heavy pot of cabbage soup to the table, and when I got up from the table, I thanked her for lunch. (28) But this did not surprise her. (29) For her, all this was familiar and natural. (Z0) But those gaps in my upbringing that were discussed were very noticeable. (31) And she could not reconcile with them.

(32) However, there was no great fault on my part here. (33) Since childhood, I lived in an apartment with running water and ate from a separate plate. (34) I never had to wash myself over a bucket from a ladle, nor did I happen to eat from a common artel cauldron. (35) Therefore, I did not know the special rules of behavior that were mandatory for people living in other conditions. (36) And fulfilling them was no less important than those of the city, to which I was accustomed to obey.

(37) This incident made me think for the first time about what a well-educated person is. (38) What actually are the rules of behavior that we are obliged to obey?

(39) Subsequently, I became convinced more than once that these rules exist in every society, in every team. (40) In some ways they differ. (41) It depends on the conditions in which people live.

(42) But no matter what rules of behavior you touch upon, in the main they are always the same: respect those around you, take them into account. (43) By strictly observing the rules of behavior, you will be a good friend to everyone who communicates with you in the family, at school, and on vacation.

(According to A. Dorokhov*)

True and false patriotism is one of the central problems of the novel. Tolstoy’s favorite heroes do not speak high words about love for their homeland, they commit actions in its name. Natasha Rostova persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded at Borodino; Prince Bolkonsky was mortally wounded on the Borodino field. True patriotism, according to Tolstoy, lies in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland.
In the novel L.N. In Tolstoy's War and Peace, some heroes consider themselves patriots and shout loudly about love for the fatherland. Others give their lives in the name of common victory. These are simple Russian men in soldiers' overcoats, soldiers from Tushin's battery, who fought without cover. True patriots do not think about their own benefits. They feel the need to simply defend the land from enemy invasion. They have in their souls a genuine, holy feeling of love for their homeland.

N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"

According to N.S.’s definition, a Russian person belongs. Leskova, “racial”, patriotic, consciousness. All the actions of the hero of the story “The Enchanted Wanderer,” Ivan Flyagin, are imbued with it. While being captured by the Tatars, he does not forget for a minute that he is Russian, and with all his soul strives to return to his homeland. Taking pity on the unfortunate old people, Ivan voluntarily joins the recruits. The hero's soul is inexhaustible, indestructible. He comes out of all life's trials with honor.

V.P. Astafiev
In one of his journalistic articles, writer V.P. Astafiev spoke about how he vacationed in a southern sanatorium. Plants collected from all over the world grew in the seaside park. But suddenly he saw three birch trees that miraculously took root in a foreign land. The author looked at these trees and remembered his village street. Love for your small homeland is a manifestation of true patriotism.

The legend of Pandora's box.
A woman discovered a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this item was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. This myth sounds a warning to all of humanity: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
In M. Bulgakov's story, Professor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
The problem is revealed through the example of the images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, and who knows how to understand them at the right moment is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are simple people in the novel, who fulfill their duty without high-sounding phrases.

A. Kuprin. "Wonderful doctor."
A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to commit suicide in despair, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happens to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate man, and from that moment the life of the hero and his family changes in the most happy way. This story eloquently shows that the actions of one person can affect the destinies of other people.

And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons".
A classic work that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Evgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger to both the elder Kirsanov and his parents. And, although by his own admission he loves them, his attitude brings them grief.

L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, "Youth".
Striving to understand the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually gets to know the world, understands that much in it is imperfect, faces misunderstandings from her elders, and sometimes offends them (chapters “Classes”, “Natalya Savishna”)

K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”.
The girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram that her mother is sick, but matters that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, comes to the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is no longer there...

V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons”.
The teacher Lydia Mikhailovna from the story by V. G. Rasputin taught the hero not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness, empathy, and compassion. She showed the hero how important it is to be able to share someone else’s pain with a person, how important it is to understand another.

An example from history.

The teacher of the great Emperor Alexander II was the famous poet V. Zhukovsky. It was he who instilled in the future ruler a sense of justice, a desire to benefit his people, and a desire to carry out the reforms necessary for the state.

V. P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane."
Difficult pre-war years of the Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandparents.

V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons”

The formation of the personality of the main character during the difficult war years was influenced by the teacher. Her spiritual generosity is limitless. She instilled in him moral fortitude and self-esteem.

L.N. Tolstoy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”
In the autobiographical trilogy, the main character, Nikolenka Irtenyev, comprehends the world of adults and tries to analyze her own and others’ actions.

Fazil Iskander “The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules”

An intelligent and competent teacher has a huge influence on the formation of a child's character.

And A. Goncharov “Oblomov”
The atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to learn, to think disfigures the soul of little Ilya. In adulthood, these shortcomings prevented him from finding the meaning of life.

The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working have formed a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.”

The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working have formed a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.” Pechorin admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. Wrong upbringing disfigures the human personality.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Education and learning are fundamental aspects of human life. Chatsky, the main character of the comedy A.S., expressed his attitude towards them in monologues. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". He criticized nobles who recruited “teachers of the regiment” for their children, but as a result of literacy, no one “knew or studied.” Chatsky himself had a mind “hungry for knowledge,” and therefore turned out to be unnecessary in the society of Moscow nobles. These are the flaws of improper upbringing.

B. Vasiliev “My horses are flying”
Dr. Jansen died saving children who had fallen into a sewer pit. The man, who was revered as a saint during his lifetime, was buried by the entire city.

Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Margarita's self-sacrifice for her beloved.

V.P. Astafiev "Lyudochka"
In the episode with the dying man, when everyone left him, only Lyudochka felt sorry for him. And after his death, everyone only pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth.

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

V. Hugo "Les Miserables"
The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole silverware from him. But an hour later the police detained the criminal and took him to a house where he was given lodging for the night. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the owner’s permission. The thief, amazed by what he heard, in one minute experienced a true rebirth, and after that he became an honest man.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"
There is an example of fair power: “But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders. “If I order my general to turn into a sea gull,” he used to say, “and if the general does not carry out the order, it will not be his fault, but mine.” .

A. I. Kuprin. "Garnet bracelet"
The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and goes away. Only music and love affirm true values on earth.

Fonvizin "Nedorosl"
They say that many noble children, having recognized themselves in the image of the slacker Mitrofanushka, experienced a true rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

What is the greatness of a person? It is where goodness, simplicity and justice are. This is exactly how L.N. created it. Tolstoy's image of Kutuzov in the novel "War and Peace". The writer calls him a truly great man. Tolstoy takes his favorite heroes away from “Napoleonic” principles and puts them on the path of rapprochement with the people. “Greatness is not where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth,” the writer asserted. This famous phrase has a modern ring to it.
One of the central problems of the novel is the role of personality in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no goodness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the moods and desires of the masses, therefore he was great. Napoleon thinks only about his greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.

I. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it was immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.

Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man,” which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, forced society to take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

A.S. Pushkin
Speaking about the role of the individual in history, we can recall the poetry of the great A. Pushkin. He influenced more than one generation with his gift. He saw and heard things that an ordinary person did not notice and did not understand. The poet spoke about the problems of spirituality in art and its high purpose in the poems “Prophet”, “Poet”, “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands”. Reading these works, you understand: talent is not only a gift, but also a heavy burden, a great responsibility. The poet himself was an example of civic behavior for subsequent generations.

V.M. Shukshin "Weird"
“Crank” is an absent-minded person who may seem ill-mannered. And what prompts him to do strange things are positive, selfish motives. The weirdo reflects on problems that concern humanity at all times: what is the meaning of life? What is good and evil? Who is “right, who is smarter” in this life? And with all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who think

I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
This is the image of a person who only wanted. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths”.
Showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for themselves. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.

From the history

Ancient historians say that one day a stranger came to the Roman emperor and brought him a gift of metal as shiny as silver, but extremely soft. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay soil. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor’s head to be cut off.
Archimedes, knowing that people were suffering from drought and hunger, proposed new methods of irrigating land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.
The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.
One English engineer in the mid-19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: “We are already strong, only the weak need to improve weapons.”
The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words to be the result of dark ignorance, but began to make observations, which led to a brilliant discovery.
The early Middle Ages are usually called the “dark ages.” The raids of barbarians and the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among common people, but also among people of the upper class. For example, the founder of the French state, Charlemagne, did not know how to write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherently human. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he carefully wrote letters.
For thousands of years, ripe apples fell from the trees, but no one attached any significance to this common phenomenon. The great Newton had to be born in order to look at a familiar fact with new, more penetrating eyes and discover the universal law of motion.
It is impossible to calculate how many disasters their ignorance has brought to people. In the Middle Ages, every misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, crop failure, the loss of some thing - everything was explained by the intrigues of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began and fires started burning. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, and helping each other, people spent enormous energy on a meaningless fight against the mythical “servants of Satan,” not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance they were serving the Devil.
It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. An interesting legend is about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian. Once, having talked with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and butter. Young Xenophon answered smartly: “To the market.” Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. “Follow me, I’ll show you!” - Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.
The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes over a person so much that it forces him to change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The brilliant Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer on fortifications and devoted only his free time to physics. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
New ideas make their way through a difficult struggle with old views and established opinions. Thus, one of the professors, lecturing students on physics, called Einstein’s theory of relativity “an annoying scientific misunderstanding” -
At one time, Joule used a voltaic battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery charge soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joule decided that the horse would never be replaced by the electric motor, since feeding a horse was much cheaper than changing the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the opportunities that will open up for a person.
In the mid-17th century, Captain de Clieu carried a coffee cutting in a pot of soil from Paris to the island of Martinique. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. On the ship, the masts were not broken, the rigging was broken. Fresh water supplies gradually began to dry up. It was given out in strictly measured portions. The captain, barely able to stand on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to the green sprout... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco.”
Showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.

Yesenin. "Black man".
The poem “Black Man” is the cry of Yesenin’s dying soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person.

Mayakovsky. "Listen."
Internal conviction in the correctness of his moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual flow of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is a cry from the poet’s soul.

Zamyatin "Cave".
The hero comes into conflict with himself, a split occurs in his soul. His spiritual values are dying. He violates the commandment “Thou shalt not steal.”

V. Astafiev “The Tsar is a Fish.”

In V. Astafiev’s story “The Fish Tsar,” the main character, fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on a hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to release her. A meeting with a fish that symbolizes the moral principle in nature forces this poacher to reconsider his ideas about life. In moments of desperate struggle with the fish, he suddenly remembers his whole life, realizing how little he has done for other people. This meeting morally changes the hero.
Nature is alive and spiritual, endowed with moral and punitive power, it is capable of not only defending itself, but also taking retribution. An illustration of punitive power is the fate of Gosha Gertsev, the hero of Astafiev’s story “The Tsar is a Fish.” This hero is not punished for his arrogant cynicism towards people and nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. An imbalance poses a threat to all of humanity if it does not come to its senses in its intentional or forced cruelty.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons."

People forget that nature is their native and only home, which requires careful treatment, which is confirmed in the novel by I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons.” The main character, Evgeny Bazarov, is known for his categorical position: “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it.” This is exactly how the Author sees a “new” person in him: he is indifferent to the values accumulated by previous generations, lives in the present and uses everything he needs, without thinking about what consequences this may lead to.
I. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” raises the current topic of the relationship between nature and man. Bazarov, rejecting any aesthetic pleasure in nature, perceives it as a workshop, and man as a worker. Arkady, Bazarov's friend, on the contrary, treats her with all the admiration inherent in a young soul. In the novel, each hero is tested by nature. For Arkady, communication with the outside world helps to heal mental wounds; for him this unity is natural and pleasant. Bazarov, on the contrary, does not seek contact with her - when Bazarov was feeling bad, he “went into the forest and broke branches.” She does not give him the desired peace of mind or peace of mind. Thus, Turgenev emphasizes the need for a fruitful and two-way dialogue with nature.

M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart".
Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of a human brain into the dog Sharik, turning a completely cute dog into the disgusting Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov. You cannot mindlessly interfere with nature!

A. Blok
The problem of a thoughtless, cruel person towards the natural world is reflected in many literary works. To fight it, we need to realize and see the harmony and beauty that reigns around us. The works of A. Blok will help with this. With what love he describes Russian nature in his poems! Immense distances, endless roads, deep rivers, blizzards and gray huts. This is Blok’s Russia in the poems “Rus” and “Autumn Day”. The poet's true, filial love for his native nature is transmitted to the reader. You come to the idea that nature is original, beautiful and needs our protection.

B. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans”

Now, when nuclear power plants are exploding, when oil is flowing through rivers and seas, and entire forests are disappearing, people must stop and think about the question: what will remain on our planet? In B. Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans” the author’s idea about human responsibility for nature is also heard. The main character of the novel, Yegor Polushkin, is concerned about the behavior of visiting “tourists” and the lake that has become empty at the hands of poachers. The novel is perceived as a call to everyone to take care of our land and each other.
The main character Yegor Polushkin loves nature infinitely, always works conscientiously, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him; they considered him unsuited to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are accustomed only to conquering it. But my son is growing up. Who can replace his father, will respect and take care of his native land.

V. Astafiev “Belogrudka”
In the story "Belogrudka" the children destroyed the brood of a white-breasted marten, and she, mad with grief, takes revenge on the entire world around her, exterminating poultry in two neighboring villages until she herself dies from a gunshot

Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”
Man, with his own hands, destroys the colorful and populous world of nature. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the “king” in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin” the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the “Russian blues”, also because he was indifferent to nature. And the “sweet ideal” of the author, Tatyana, felt like a part of nature (“She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony…”) and therefore showed herself to be a spiritually strong person in a difficult life situation.

A.T. Tvardovsky “Forest in Autumn”
Reading Tvardovsky’s poem “Forest in Autumn”, you are imbued with the pristine beauty of the surrounding world and nature. You hear the noise of bright yellow foliage, the crack of a broken branch. You see the light jump of a squirrel. I would like not just to admire, but to try to preserve all this beauty for as long as possible.

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. She enthusiastically tells Sonya about the wonderful night, about the feelings that overwhelm her soul. Andrei Bolkonsky also knows how to subtly sense the beauty of the surrounding nature. During a trip to Otradnoye, seeing an old oak tree, he compares himself with it, indulging in sad reflections that life has already ended for him. But the changes that subsequently occurred in the hero’s soul are associated with the beauty and grandeur of the mighty tree that blossomed under the rays of the sun.

V. I. Yurovskikh Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh
The writer Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh, in his stories, talks about the unique beauty and wealth of the Trans-Urals, about the natural connection of a village person with the natural world, which is why his story “Ivan’s Memory” is so touching. In that small work Yurovskikh raises an important issue: human influence on the environment. Ivan, the main character of the story, planted several willow bushes in a swamp that scared people and animals. Many years later. The nature around has changed: all sorts of birds began to settle in the bushes, a magpie began to build a nest every year and hatch magpies. No one wandered through the forest anymore, because the trail became a guide on how to find the right way. Near the bush you can hide from the heat, drink some water, and just relax. Ivan left a good memory of himself among people, and ennobled the surrounding nature.

M.Yu Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
The close emotional connection between man and nature can be traced in Lermontov’s story “A Hero of Our Time.” The events in the life of the main character, Grigory Pechorin, are accompanied by changes in the state of nature in accordance with changes in his mood. Thus, considering the duel scene, the gradation of the states of the surrounding world and Pechorin’s feelings is obvious. If before the duel the sky seemed to him “fresh and blue” and the sun “brightly shining,” then after the duel, looking at Grushnitsky’s corpse, the heavenly body seemed “dim” to Grigory, and its rays “did not warm.” Nature is not only the experiences of the heroes, but is also one of the characters. The thunderstorm becomes the reason for a long meeting between Pechorin and Vera, and in one of the diary entries preceding the meeting with Princess Mary, Grigory notes that “the air of Kislovodsk is conducive to love.” With such an allegory, Lermontov not only more deeply and fully reflects the internal state of the heroes, but also denotes his own, the author’s presence by introducing nature as a character.

E. Zamyatina “We”
Turning to classical literature, I would like to cite as an example E. Zamyatin’s dystopian novel “We.” Refusing the natural beginning, the inhabitants of the United State become numbers, whose lives are determined by the framework of the Tablet of Hours. The beauty of native nature is replaced by perfectly proportional glass structures, and love is only possible with a pink card. The main character, D-503, is doomed to mathematically verified happiness, which is found, however, after the removal of fantasy. It seems to me that with such an allegory Zamyatin was trying to express the inextricability of the connection between nature and man.

S. Yesenin “Go away, my dear Rus'”
One of the central themes of the lyrics of the brightest poet of the 20th century S. Yesenin is the nature of his native land. In the poem “Go you, Rus', my dear,” the poet abandons paradise for the sake of his homeland, its flock is higher than eternal bliss, which, judging by other lyrics, he finds only on Russian soil. Thus, feelings of patriotism and love for nature are closely intertwined. The very awareness of their gradual weakening is the first step towards a natural, real peace that enriches the soul and body.

M. Prishvin “Ginseng”
This topic is brought to life by moral and ethical motives. Many writers and poets turned to her. In M. Prishvin’s story “Ginseng” the characters know how to remain silent and listen to silence. For the author, nature is life itself. Therefore, his rock cries, his stone has a heart. It is man who must do everything to ensure that nature exists and does not fall silent. Nowadays this is very important.

I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a Hunter"
Deep and tender love I. S. Turgenev spoke about nature in “Notes of a Hunter.” He did this with penetrating observation. The hero of the story “Kasyan” traveled halfway across the country from the Beautiful Mosque, happily learning and exploring new places. This man felt his inextricable connection with Mother Nature and dreamed that “every person” would live in contentment and justice. It wouldn't hurt us to learn from him.

M. Bulgakov. "Fatal Eggs"
Professor Persikov accidentally breeds giant reptiles instead of large chickens that threaten civilization. Thoughtless interference in the life of nature can lead to such consequences.

Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”
Ch. Aitmatov in his novel “The Scaffold” showed that the destruction of the natural world leads to dangerous human deformation. And this happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum savannah is a global problem, not a local one.

The closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We".
1) The appearance and principles of the United State. 2) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 3) “The resistance of human nature.” In dystopias, based on the same premises, the world is presented through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person undergoing the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the individual and the totalitarian system becomes the driving force of any dystopia, allowing one to recognize dystopian features in the most diverse works at first glance... The society depicted in the novel has achieved material perfection and stopped in its development, plunging into a state of spiritual and social entropy.

A.P. Chekhov in the story "The Death of an Official"

B. Vasiliev “Not on the lists”
The works make us think about the questions that everyone strives to answer for themselves: what is behind a high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, destiny, what helps a person resist, show amazing, amazing vitality, helps to live and die “like a human being”?

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
Despite the difficulties and trials that befell the protagonist Andrei Sokolov, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength or eradicated his sense of duty.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".

Pyotr Grinev is a man of honor, in any life situation he acts as his honor tells him. Even his ideological enemy, Pugachev, could appreciate the nobility of the hero. That is why he helped Grinev more than once.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

The Bolkonsky family is the personification of honor and nobility. Prince Andrei always put the laws of honor first and followed them, even if it required incredible effort, suffering, and pain.

Loss of spiritual values

B. Vasiliev "Wilderness"
The events of Boris Vasiliev’s story “Glukhoman” allow us to see how in today’s life the so-called “new Russians” strive to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values have been lost because culture has disappeared from our lives. Society split, and the bank account became the measure of a person’s merit. Moral wilderness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich, hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and received a refusal, he takes revenge by speaking ill of her; During a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as the Belogorsk fortress falls to Pugachev, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

Helen Kuragina deceives Pierre into marrying herself, then lies to him all the time, being his wife, disgraces him, makes him unhappy. The heroine uses lies to get rich and take a good position in society.

N.V. Gogol “The Inspector General”.

Khlestakov deceives officials, posing as an auditor. Trying to impress, he makes up many stories about his life in St. Petersburg. Moreover, he lies so delightfully that he himself begins to believe his stories, he feels important and significant.

D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the good and the beautiful”
D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” tells how indignant he felt when he learned that on the Borodino field in 1932 the cast-iron monument on Bagration’s grave was blown up. At the same time, someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero, Tuchkov: “It’s enough to preserve the remnants of the slave past!” At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which even during the war our soldiers tried to preserve and not destroy. Likhachev believes that “the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: they are always individual.”

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, respect for each other and understanding, therefore the children - Natasha, Nikolai, Petya - became truly good people. They are responsive to other people’s pain, able to understand the experiences and suffering others. Suffice it to recall the episode when Natasha gives the order to release the carts loaded with their family valuables in order to give them to the wounded soldiers.
And in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists. Both are looking for only benefits in life. They do not know what true love is and are ready to exchange their feelings for wealth.

A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
In the story “The Captain's Daughter,” his father’s instructions helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most critical moments, to remain an honest person, true to himself and duty. Therefore, the hero evokes respect by his behavior.

N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Following his father’s behest to “save a penny,” Chichikov devoted his entire life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience. Since his school years, he valued only money, so in his life he never had true friends, the family that the hero dreamed of.

L. Ulitskaya “Daughter of Bukhara”
Bukhara, the heroine of L. Ulitskaya’s story “Bukhara’s Daughter,” accomplished a maternal feat, devoting herself entirely to raising her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being terminally ill, the mother thought through the entire future life of her daughter: she got a job, found her a new family, a husband, and only after that allowed herself to leave this life.

Zakrutkin V. A. “Mother of Man”
Maria, the heroine of Zakrutkin’s story “Mother of Man,” during the war, having lost her son and husband, took responsibility for her newly born child and for other people’s children, saved them, and became their Mother. And when the first Soviet soldiers entered the burnt farm, it seemed to Maria that she had given birth not only to her son, but to all the war-dispossessed children of the world. That's why she is the Mother of Man.

K.I. Chukovsky “Alive as Life”
K.I. Chukovsky in his book “Alive as Life” analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves are distorting and mutilating our great and powerful language.

I.S. Turgenev
- Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this heritage passed on to us by our predecessors, among whom Pushkin again shines! Treat this powerful instrument with respect: in the hands of skilled people it is capable of performing miracles... Take care of the purity of the language as if it were a shrine!

K.G. Paustovsky
- You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our consciousness that could not be conveyed in Russian words... There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.

A. P. Chekhov “Death of an Official”
The official Chervyakov in A.P. Chekhov’s story “The Death of an Official” is infected to an incredible degree by the spirit of veneration: having sneezed and splashed the bald head of General Bryzzhalov, who was sitting in front of him (and he did not pay attention to it), the hero was so frightened that that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.

A. P. Chekhov “Thick and Thin”
The hero of Chekhov's story "Fat and Thin", the official Porfiry, met a school friend at the Nikolaevskaya railway station and learned that he was a privy councilor, i.e. moved up significantly higher in his career. In an instant, the “subtle” one turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate himself and fawn.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that one should please not only “all people without exception,” but even “the janitor’s dog, so that it is affectionate.” The need to tirelessly please also gave birth to his romance with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov. Maxim Petrovich, the “character” of the historical anecdote that Famusov tells for the edification of Chatsky, in order to earn the favor of the empress, turned into a jester, amusing her with absurd falls.

I. S. Turgenev. "Mu Mu"
The fate of the mute serf Gerasim and Tatiana is decided by the lady. A person has no rights. What could be more terrible?

I. S. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
In the story “Biryuk,” the main character, a forester nicknamed Biryuk, lives a miserable life, despite conscientiously fulfilling his duties. The social structure of life is unfair.

N. A. Nekrasov “Railway”
The poem talks about who built the railroad. These are workers who were subjected to merciless exploitation. The structure of life, where arbitrariness reigns, is worthy of condemnation. In the Poem “Reflections at the Front Entrance”: peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted and driven away. The authorities do not take into account the position of the people.

L. N. Tolstoy “After the Ball”
The division of Russia into two parts, rich and poor, is shown. The social world is unfair to the weak.

N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”
There can be nothing holy or right in a world ruled by tyranny, wild and insane.

V.V. Mayakovsky

In the play “The Bedbug,” Pierre Skripkin dreamed that his house would be “full.” Another hero, a former worker, states: “Whoever fought has the right to rest by a quiet river.” This position was alien to Mayakovsky. He dreamed of the spiritual growth of his contemporaries.

I. S. Turgenev “Notes of a Hunter”
Everyone’s personality is important for the development of the state, but talented people are not always able to develop their abilities for the benefit of society. For example, in “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev there are people whose talents the country does not need. Yakov (“The Singers”) gets drunk in a tavern. Truth-seeker Mitya (“Odnodvorets Ovsyannikov”) stands up for the serfs. Forester Biryuk carries out his service responsibly, but lives in poverty. Such people turned out to be unnecessary. They even laugh at them. It's not fair.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"
Despite the terrible details of camp life and the unjust structure of society, Solzhenitsyn's works are optimistic in spirit. The writer proved that even in the last degree of humiliation it is possible to preserve a person within oneself.

A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
A person who is not accustomed to working does not find a worthy place in the life of society.

M. Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
Pechorin says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply it to. Society is such that there is no worthy place for an extraordinary person in it.

And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov"
Ilya Oblomov, a kind and talented person, was unable to overcome himself and reveal his best traits. The reason is the lack of high goals in the life of society.

A.M. Gorky
Many heroes of M. Gorky's stories talk about the meaning of life. The old gypsy Makar Chudra wondered why people worked. The heroes of the story “On the Salt” found themselves in the same dead end. There are wheelbarrows around them, salt dust that eats away their eyes. However, no one became embittered. Good feelings arise in the souls of even such oppressed people. The meaning of life, according to Gorky, is work. Everyone will start working conscientiously - you'll see, and together we will become richer and better. After all, “the wisdom of life is always deeper and more extensive than the wisdom of people.”

M. I. Weller “The Novel of Education”
The meaning of life is for those who themselves devote their activities for the sake of a cause that they consider necessary. The “Novel of Education” by M. I. Weller, one of the most published modern Russian writers, makes you think about this. Indeed, there have always been many purposeful people, and now they live among us.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

The best heroes of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, saw the meaning of life in the desire for moral self-improvement. Each of them wanted “to be quite good, to bring good to people.”
All of L.N. Tolstoy’s favorite heroes were engaged in an intense spiritual search. Reading the novel “War and Peace,” it is difficult not to sympathize with Prince Bolkonsky, a thinking, searching man. He read a lot and had an idea about everything. The hero found the meaning of his own life in the defense of the Fatherland. Not for the sake of an ambitious desire for glory, but because of love for the homeland.
In search of the meaning of life, a person must choose his own direction. In L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” the fate of Andrei Bolkonsky is a complex path of moral losses and discoveries. The important thing is that, while walking along this thorny road, he retained true human dignity. It is no coincidence that M.I. Kutuzov will tell the hero: “Your road is the road of honor.” I also like extraordinary people who try to live not in vain.

I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”
Even the failures and disappointments of an exceptionally talented person are significant for society. For example, in the novel “Fathers and Sons,” Yevgeny Bazarov, a fighter for democracy, called himself an unnecessary person for Russia. However, his views anticipate the emergence of people capable of greater deeds and noble deeds.

V. Bykov “Sotnikov”
The problem of moral choice: what is better - to save your life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not as a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov’s heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes a difficult moral choice: he dies while maintaining his human appearance.

M. M. Prishvin “Pantry of the Sun”
During the Great Patriotic War, Mitrasha and Nastya were left without parents. But hard work helped young children not only survive, but also earn the respect of their fellow villagers.

A. P. Platonov “In a beautiful and furious world”
Machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but his friend’s devotion and love for his chosen profession performed a miracle: he, having boarded his favorite locomotive, regained his sight.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Matryonin’s Dvor”
The main character has been accustomed to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not acquired any benefits, she remains a pure soul, a righteous woman.

Ch. Aitmatov Novel “Mother Field”
The leitmotif of the novel is the spiritual responsiveness of hardworking rural women. Aliman, no matter what happens, has been working since dawn on the farm, in the melon patch, in the greenhouse. She feeds the country, the people! And the writer does not see anything higher than this share, this honor.

A.P. Chekhov. The story "Ionych"

Dmitry Ionych Startsev chose an excellent profession. He became a doctor. However, the lack of perseverance and perseverance turned the once good doctor into a simple man in the street, for whom the main thing in life was money-grubbing and his own well-being. So, it is not enough to choose the right future profession, you need to preserve yourself morally and morally in it.
The time comes when each of us is faced with choosing a profession. The hero of the story, A.P., dreamed of honestly serving people. Chekhov “Ionych”, Dmitry Startsev. The profession he has chosen is the most humane. However, having settled in a city where the most educated people turned out to be small-minded and narrow-minded, Startsev did not find the strength to resist stagnation and inertia. The doctor turned into a simple man in the street, thinking little about his patients. So, the most valuable condition for not living boring life- honest creative work, no matter what profession a person chooses.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland and people, and who knows how to understand them at the right moment, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who carry out their duty without lofty phrases.

F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment"
Rodion Raskolnikov creates his theory: the world is divided into those “who have the right” and “trembling creatures.” According to his theory, a person is capable of creating history, like Mohammed and Napoleon. They commit atrocities in the name of “great goals.” Raskolnikov's theory fails. In fact, true freedom lies in subordinating one's aspirations to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice.

V. Bykov “Obelisk”
The problem of freedom can be seen especially clearly in V. Bykov’s story “Obelisk”. Teacher Frost had a choice to stay alive or die along with his students. He always taught them goodness and justice. He had to choose death, but he remained a morally free person.

A.M. Gorky "At the Bottom"
Is there a way in the world to break free from the vicious circle of life's worries and desires? M. Gorky tried to answer this question in his play “At the Lower Depths.” In addition, the writer posed another pressing question: can one who has humbled himself be considered a free person? Thus, the contradiction between the slave's truth and individual freedom is an eternal problem.

A. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”
Resistance to evil and tyranny attracted Special attention Russian writers of the 19th century. The oppressive power of evil is shown in A. N. Ostrovsky’s play “The Thunderstorm”. A young, gifted woman, Katerina, is a strong person. She found the strength to challenge tyranny. The conflict between the environment of the “dark kingdom” and the bright spiritual world, unfortunately, ended tragically.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Gulag Archipelago”
Pictures of abuse, cruel treatment of political prisoners.

A.A. Akhmatova's Poem "Requiem"
This work is about the repeated arrests of her husband and son; the poem was written under the influence of numerous meetings with mothers and relatives of prisoners in the Cross, a St. Petersburg prison.

N. Nekrasov “In the trenches of Stalingrad”
In Nekrasov’s story there is a terrible truth about the heroism of those people who in a totalitarian state were always considered “cogs” in the huge body of the state machine. The writer mercilessly condemned those who calmly sent people to their deaths, who shot people for a lost sapper shovel, who kept people in fear.

V. Soloukhin
The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, lies in admiring life and nature. The beauty scattered in the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that you need to stop in front of her, “without thinking about time,” only then will she “invite you as an interlocutor.”

K. Paustovsky
The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you plunged your face into a pile of rain-wet leaves and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest strength.”

Yu. Gribov
The modern publicist and writer Yu. Gribov argued that “beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to awaken it, not to let it die without waking up.”

V. Rasputin “Deadline”
Children who had come from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before her death, the mother seems to go to the place of judgment. She sees that there is no previous mutual understanding between her and the children, the children are separated, they have forgotten about the moral lessons they received in childhood. Anna passes away from life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still have time to live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying about some of their business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to bear such a terrible blow, she dies that same night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.

K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”
K. G. Paustovsky's story “Telegram” is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it is one thing to be passionate about work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and another thing to remember about your loved ones, about your mother - the most sacred being in the world, not limiting yourself only to money transfers and short notes. Nastya failed to achieve harmony between worries about those “distant” and love for the person closest to her. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, the unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The main character of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, did many good deeds. He is a kind person by nature who takes other people’s pain hard and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect a drunken girl from men pestering her, worries about his sister Dunya, tries to prevent her marriage with Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation, loves and pities his mother, tries not to bother her with his problems. But Raskolnikov’s trouble is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to achieve such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya does truly beautiful things. She sacrifices herself for the sake of her loved ones because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money honestly, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman destroys herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
Sonya's most beautiful act is saving Raskolnikov...
Sonya Marmeladova's whole life is self-sacrifice. With the power of her love, she elevates Raskolnikov to herself, helps him overcome his sin and resurrect. The actions of Sonya Marmeladova express all the beauty of human action.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Pierre Bezukhov is one of the writer’s favorite heroes. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgusted by the life in the world that they lead, worrying after his duel with Dolokhov, Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but such important questions for him: “What is bad? What well? Why live, and what am I?” And when one of the smartest Masonic figures calls on him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed “in the possibility of the brotherhood of people united with the goal of supporting each other on the path of virtue.” And Pierre does everything to achieve this goal. what he considers necessary: donates money to the brotherhood, establishes schools, hospitals and shelters, tries to make the life of peasant women with small children easier. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of rightness gives him confidence in life.

Pontius Pilate sent the innocent Yeshua to execution. For the rest of his life, the procurator was tormented by his conscience; he could not forgive himself for his cowardice. The hero received peace only when Yeshua himself forgave him and said that there was no execution.

F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment.”

Raskolnikov killed the old pawnbroker to prove to himself that he was a “superior” being. But after the crime, his conscience torments him, a persecution mania develops, and the hero distances himself from his loved ones. At the end of the novel, he repents of the murder and takes the path of spiritual healing.

M. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of Man”
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who, during the war,
lost all my relatives. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act shows that love and desire
doing good gives a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

The Kuragin family are greedy, selfish, vile people. In pursuit of money and power, they are capable of any immoral acts. So, for example, Helen tricks Pierre into marrying her and takes advantage of his wealth, bringing him a lot of suffering and humiliation.

N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”.

Plyushkin subordinated his entire life to hoarding. And if at first this was dictated by frugality, then his desire to save crossed all boundaries, he saved on the essentials, lived, limiting himself in everything, and even broke off relations with his daughter, fearing that she would lay claim to his “riches.”

The role of flowers

I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov”.

Oblomov in love gave Olga Ilyinskaya a branch of lilac. Lilac became a symbol of the hero’s spiritual transformation: he became active, cheerful, and cheerful when he fell in love with Olga.

M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”.

Thanks to the bright yellow flowers in the hands of Margarita, the Master saw her in the gray crowd. The heroes fell in love with each other at first sight and carried their feeling through many trials.

M. Gorky.

The writer recalled that he learned a lot from books. He did not have the opportunity to receive an education, so it was in books that he gained knowledge, an understanding of the world, and knowledge about the laws of literature.

A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”.

Tatyana Larina grew up reading romance novels. Books made her dreamy and romantic. She created for herself an ideal lover, the hero of her novel, whom she dreamed of meeting in real life.

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In texts for preparing for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, problems related to education are often encountered. We have combined them in this work, selecting literary arguments for each problematic issue. All these examples from books can be downloaded in table format (link at the end of the article).

The problem of childhood and its role in the development of a person’s personality is clearly depicted in the novel. I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". Reading about the childhood of Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, we begin to understand why this hero behaves this way in adulthood. In their native Oblomovka, everyone did nothing but eat and lie; everything on their native estate breathed serene laziness. Mother protected little Ilyusha, he grew up like delicate flower. So Ilya Oblomov grew up as an idle person, completely unadapted to life, who could not even dress himself.
Significance childhood in the formation of a person’s personality is shown in “Dead Souls” N.V. Gogol. Throughout the entire work, the reader gradually recognizes Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. And a kind of completion of the disclosure of the image is the description of the hero’s childhood and youth. The father teaches the boy to save a penny and please his bosses. Young Pavel listens to his father and puts his orders into practice. Chichikov, deprived of many benefits in childhood, strives by all means to make up for lost time and get everything from life. It is in the character's childhood that we find the roots of his adventurous nature.

The problem of fathers and children

A textbook example of revealing the problem of intergenerational relationships can be the novel I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Arkady Kirsanov and Evgeny Bazarov represent the camp of “children”; in contrast to them are the Kirsanov brothers (Nikolai and Pavel), who represent the camp of “fathers”. Bazarov carries within himself the new moods of youth, nihilism. And old people, especially Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, do not understand the ideas of denial. The main problem is that the heroes do not want to understand each other. And this is the main conflict of generations: the inability and unwillingness to accept and hear each other.
The theme of relationships between generations in the drama is tragically revealed A.N. Ostrovsky "The Thunderstorm". The boar has long subjugated everyone in her house to her will; she doesn’t even realize that her children are suffering. Daughter Varvara long ago learned to lie and be a hypocrite; she adapted to life in Kabanikha’s house. Tikhon wants to escape from the house where his mother is in charge. There is no understanding or respect between mother and children. They are in different opposing camps, only the struggle of the “children” does not come to the surface. Varvara's rebellion in her double life: she says one thing to her mother, thinks and does another. After Katerina’s suicide, Tikhon decides to say his word, and until that moment he will strive to get out of the house that is suffocating him. The conflict between “fathers” and “children” leads to suffering on both sides.

Family problem

M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in his novel “The Golovlev Gentlemen” clearly showed how the specifics of upbringing within a family are reflected in the future life of already matured children. Arina Petrovna Golovleva is a mother, she divides children into hateful ones and favorites, gives them nicknames that eventually supplant their names. The children live from hand to mouth, although the estate is quite rich. None of Arina Petrovna’s children grew up in such conditions into a decent person: Stepan, the eldest son, squandered his fortune and returned to Golovlevo at the age of forty, daughter Anna ran away with a hussar, who soon disappeared, leaving the girl with two children, Pavel drinks, Porfiry (Judas) grows up cruel, petty person. No one became happy because there was no happiness and love since childhood.
French writer Francois Mauriac in the story "The Monkey" shows how cruelly relationships within a family can affect a child’s life and worldview. The heroine hates her husband, she transfers this feeling to the child because of her unfulfilled hopes. Little Guillou, whom his mother calls “Monkey,” grows up in an atmosphere of constant scandals, hysterics, and cruelty. He understands that he is disturbing his mother, he is not needed here. And the child commits suicide. In the family of the aristocratic family of de Sernay, they did not care about the boy, he was an “apple of discord”, the cause of conflicts, and that is why the ending of the story is so tragic.

Correct and incorrect education

L.N. Tolstoy in his epic novel "War and Peace" draws several families. The Rostov family can be considered one of the exemplary ones. Rostov's mother instills in her children a sense of goodness and justice. They grow up to be decent people, ready for heroism and self-sacrifice. In the Kuragin family, completely different values were invested in raising their offspring, which is why both Helen and Anatole are immoral inhabitants of high society. So, Helene marries Pierre only for his money. Thus, the kind of people they grow up to depend on what values are invested in raising children.
In the novel “The Captain's Daughter” A.S. Pushkin the father bequeaths his son Pyotr Grinev to take care of his honor from a young age. These words become a guide for Peter. He checks every step he takes according to this main testament of his father. That is why he gives a hare sheepskin coat to a stranger, does not kneel before Pugachev, remaining true to himself to the end, for which the rebel respects Grinev, leaving him alive. Yes, thanks proper education the hero was able to remain a highly moral and decent person during the terrible peasant revolt.

The problem of parents' responsibility for the fate of their children

DI. Fonvizin in the comedy "The Minor" showed how parents themselves raise stupid, ignorant, spoiled children on their estates. Mitrofanushka is used to the fact that everything in this life revolves around him: the best caftan, the teachers chosen so as not to tire the child, and the bride whatever you want. Mrs. Prostakova understands the mistake of her upbringing only at the end of the work, when her dear Mitrofanushka tells her: “Let go, mother, how you imposed yourself...”.

Assignment: Write an essay based on the text you read.

1) The year was 1940. 2) At that time we were teaching in the village of Karyzh, Glushkovsky district, Kursk region. 3) It was still far from complete well-being, but the first signs of change began to appear in the orphanage. 4) The children gradually became more trusting and kinder. 5) Discipline gradually became stronger. 6) And yet the old order still held here.

7) I’m sitting in the teachers’ lounge. 8) The supply manager enters. 9) Interrupting the conversation, he turns to the head teacher:
(10) - Nina Petrovna, give me some girl. 11) Let him take the bucket to my house. 12) The supply manager’s voice is dull and even. 13) There is no excitement or doubt in him. 14) A common thing is to take home a bucket of stolen sugar. 15) That's all. 16) Everyone here knows that the supply manager is dishonest. 17) Got used to it. 18) Nobody casts a vote. 19) And still I look at Nina Petrovna. 20) Maybe at least this time her heart will be excited. 21) Will he really not even reproach you? 22) I can very vividly imagine how he will stand at the window and angrily throw in his face:
23) - Listen, Vladimir Ivanovich, if you’re dragging, you should at least do it yourself. 24) Be ashamed. 25) But Nina Petrovna treats the caretaker’s request with full understanding. 26) The bucket is heavy, and the man’s years are not youthful, how can one not help. 27) She goes out into the corridor. 28) Looks for someone with his eyes and calls:
29) - Lida, come here. 30) Help Vladimir Ivanovich carry the bucket. 31) The girl obediently takes the filled bucket and, bending over, drags it after the caretaker, who is walking steadily.

32) I didn’t have any thoughtful intentions. 33) Everything happened by itself. 34) Quickly, as if someone had pushed me, I rushed forward and blocked the caretaker’s path. 35) Gasping, she spoke straight to his face:
36) – Where did you take the sugar? 37) Come on, bring it back quickly! 38) Completely insolent! 39) Children are robbed in broad daylight. 40) Just try again. 41) I had red spots on my cheeks. 42) If he doesn’t listen, I’ll grab the bucket, fight, bite, but won’t give up the sugar. 43) He looks at me for several seconds, as if trying to understand what kind of fly bit me. 44) He seems to understand. 45) Silently he shifts from foot to foot, and even a semblance of blush appears on his unshaven cheeks. 46) He doesn’t say anything, takes the bucket from Lida’s hands, goes back and obediently pours the sugar back with trembling hands. 47) I was expecting revenge, tricks, curses behind my back... 48) It turned out completely differently. 49) Literally a few days later the supply manager submitted an application and at will left our Orphanage. 50) It was as if he was just waiting for someone to remind him that stealing is wrong. 51) How little was needed to stop this evil! 52)No struggle, no nerves, no sacrifices. 53) Probably, the result would have been exactly the same if any other person had been in my place. 54) Why didn’t the teachers notice anything? 55) Looking back, I am still inclined to think that silence is even a worse evil than the theft of our unscrupulous supply manager. 56) Perhaps he is not a lost man. 57) If he had caught someone’s reproachful glance at least once, had he heard a word of condemnation from the lips of his colleagues, nothing like this would have happened at all. 58) But silence (so convenient for lazy souls) turned one into a swindler, and cast a shadow of complicity on others. (according to the text by F.A. Sokolova)

Answer:

In the proposed text, F.A. Sokolova touches on the problem of educating the younger generation. Education is the process of personality formation with the goal of preparing a person for a successful life in society. At all times, education was by no means an easy task and was accompanied by many problems. The text poses a very important question: how should the younger generation be raised?

As a former director of an orphanage, F.A. Sololova reflects with deep interest on how difficult it is for honest, decent young people to arrange a life in modern society. She is deeply concerned with the question of how to make students truly happy. It is no coincidence that she forms questions on behalf of the students. Despite the fact that no one sent letters to the orphanage with reproaches that they were brought up wrong, life experience tells Sokolova that such questions arose more than once because it is good qualities that sometimes prevent a person from getting settled in life. Faina Andreevna is grateful to her students for the fact that “none of them reproached us for teaching them the ‘wrong’.” She believes that she did not live her life in vain, raising kindness and honesty in her children.

There are many examples in the literature of parents instilling false values in their children, which did not lead to anything good. Let's remember Gogol's Chichikov, whose father instructed him to save every penny, which ultimately developed greed and money-grubbing in him. The goal of his whole life was hoarding. Friends and acquaintances are not important to him - the main thing is money. Having repeatedly betrayed, he himself was betrayed and thrown back to the beginning of the path. But he was unable to gain a true understanding of real values.

In the story “The Veld” by R. Bradreby, the main characters are Wendy and Peter, who commit a monstrous act: they kill their own parents. And this murder is not accidental; for many years the children lived, getting only what they wanted, never thinking about the source of their benefits. The analyzed text by F.A. Sokolova makes us understand: although prudence, deception and cruelty often win, faith in goodness should not disappear; there is no need to be afraid of kind and decent people to confront the bad: “Pride and purity do honor to a person”